Exploring the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Hypertension Management Among Adults in Ghana: A Focus on Medication Adherence, Psychological Impact, and Lifestyle Interventions

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a major public health challenge in Ghana, with rising prevalence linked to urbanization and lifestyle changes. This study explores the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of hypertension management among Ghanaian adults, focusing on medication adherence, psychological impact, and lifestyle interventions, while addressing urban-rural disparities.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,200 hypertensive adults (aged 30–70 years) from urban and rural Ghana. Data were collected via structured questionnaires assessing:

1. Demographics (age, gender, education, residence).
2. Hypertension knowledge (causes, symptoms, treatment).
3. Medication adherence and psychological burden (e.g., anxiety, side effects).
4. Lifestyle practices (DASH diet, physical activity, stress management).
   Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression (p < 0.05).

Results:

1. Knowledge Gaps: Urban participants scored higher than rural counterparts in hypertension knowledge (e.g., +3.1 points for risk factors, p < 0.05). Only 35.8% understood symptoms adequately.
2. Medication Adherence: Urban residents reported better adherence (7.8/10 vs. 6.9/10, p < 0.001) but rural participants faced higher psychological burden (3.6/5 vs. 2.9/5, p < 0.001).
3. Lifestyle Practices: Low adoption of DASH diet (35.7%) and physical activity (48.3%), with urban-rural disparities (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Hypertension management in Ghana is hindered by knowledge gaps, psychological barriers, and limited lifestyle modifications, exacerbated by urban-rural disparities. Integrated interventions combining education, psychological support, and accessible lifestyle programs are recommended to improve outcomes.